Line transect density estimates of Malabar Gray Hornbill populations along the Western Ghats.

Location Mean density (birds/km²) 95% confidence interval (birds/km²) Year(s) Source
Anshi – Dandeli – Goa landscape 9.4 6.1-14.4 2004-2005 1
Reserved Forests (Anamalai-Parambikulam landscape) 67.4 40.4-94.4
Wildlife reserves (overall Anamalai-Parambikulam landscape) 28.5 23.9-33.1
Anaigundi Shola (mid-elevation wildlife reserve 700-1,000 m) 42.7 -
Karian Shola (mid-elevation wildlife reserve 700-1,000 m) 48.7 -
Varagaliar–Manamboli–Sheikalmudi complex (mid-elevation wildlife reserve 700-1,000 m) 40.8 -
Valparai Plateau rainforest fragments in plantation landscape 26 (21.5-33.5) 18.6-33.4
Nelliampathy Reserve Forest 38.9 28.6-52.7 Nov 2008-Feb 2013 2
Vazhachal Reserve Forest 33.9 26.1-44.1
Parambikulam Tiger Reserve 32.3 25.4-41.2
Anamalai Tiger Reserve 19.7 13.7-28.1
Anamalai Tiger Reserve 17.5 12.8-23.9 2017-2018 3
Valparai Plateau rainforest fragments and plantations 11.7 7.1-19.3 2017-2018 3

Sources: 1 = 5; 2 20; and 3 = P. Y. Pawar, D. Mudappa, and T. R. S. Raman (unpublished ms).