Behavioral repertoire of juveniles (J), brood hens (H), males (M), and unaccompanied females (F).

Behavior

General context when observed

Age and/or sex

Referencesa

Aggressive

Intrasexual (interspecific) interactions

H, M, F

4,9,10,11,12,13,14

Alert

Watching a potential predator

J, H, M, F

4,9,14

Brooding

Hen shelters and warms chicks

H

4,9,14

Copulation

Culmination of courtship

M, F

2,3,4,6,7

Distraction

Obvious display to lead away a potential predator

H

4,9,14

Drumming

Given from a branch or ground after a flutter-flight

M

2,3

Dust-bathing

Mainly during periods of body molt

J, H, M, F

9,14

Fighting

Physical contact during border dispute

M, F

2,3,4,10,11,12,13,14

Flapping-run

Contagious behavior when in groups

J, H, M, F

9,11,14

Flutter-flight

Vertical flights between ground and perch by territorial males

M

1,2,3,4,6

Flying

Major means of escaping predators

J, H, M, F

4,9,10,12,13,14

Foraging

Feeding activity

J, H, M, F

4,9,11,14

Head-jerk

Crouching display with rapid lateral head movements of territorial male in presence of a female

M

2,3,6,9,11

Jerky-crouch

Similar to head-jerk but given by juveniles at the approach of a sibling

J

9,11,14

Loafing

Sitting quietly in sun or shade

J, H, M, F

4,9,14

Pecking

Agonistic interaction with another grouse

H, M

2,3,4,6,7,14

Preening

Most often seen in molting birds

J, H, M, F

4

Roosting

Recourse to sheltered site for the night

J, H, M, F

Sneak

Running off in a crouched posture resembling a rodent to lead away predator

H

4,5

Stamping

During courtship displays by territorial males

M

2,4,7

Stretching

On resuming activity after period of rest

J, H, M, F

Tail-flick

Culmination of rush in courtship display

J, M

2,3,4,6,7,8,9,11,14

Tail-swish

Display involving alternate lateral spreading of the rectrices

J, M

2,3,4,6,7,9,11,14

Threat

Agonistic interactions with grouse of same sex or another species

H, M, F

2,3,4,

Upright

Stationary displaying of territorial males

M

2,3,4,6,7,9,11,14

Walking

Usual mode of movement over the ground

J, H, M, F

4,9,14

Wing-clap

Culmination of the descent flutter-flight of D. c. franklinii

M

3,6

Behavior

General context when shown

Recorded from

References

aReferences include 1=Bent (1932), 2=Lumsden (1961; flutter-jump = flutter-flight, head and tail down = threat), 3=MacDonald (1968; squatting = head-jerk), 4=Harju (1969), 5=Robinson and Maxwell (1969), 6=Hjorth (1970; crouching cum head shaking = head-jerk, bowing and ground pecking = pecking, rush cum momentary tail fanning = tail-flick, display walking cum tail swaying = tail-swish), 7=Harju (1971), 8=Hjorth (1976), 9=Alway (1977), 10=Herzog and Boag (1977), 11=Alway and Boag (1979), 12=Nugent (1979), 13=Nugent and Boag (1982), and 14=Schroeder and Boag (1985).