Behavior |
General context when observed |
Age and/or sex |
Referencesa |
Aggressive |
Intrasexual (interspecific) interactions |
H, M, F |
4,9,10,11,12,13,14 |
Alert |
Watching a potential predator |
J, H, M, F |
4,9,14 |
Brooding |
Hen shelters and warms chicks |
H |
4,9,14 |
Copulation |
Culmination of courtship |
M, F |
2,3,4,6,7 |
Distraction |
Obvious display to lead away a potential predator |
H |
4,9,14 |
Drumming |
Given from a branch or ground after a flutter-flight |
M |
2,3 |
Dust-bathing |
Mainly during periods of body molt |
J, H, M, F |
9,14 |
Fighting |
Physical contact during border dispute |
M, F |
2,3,4,10,11,12,13,14 |
Flapping-run |
Contagious behavior when in groups |
J, H, M, F |
9,11,14 |
Flutter-flight |
Vertical flights between ground and perch by territorial males |
M |
1,2,3,4,6 |
Flying |
Major means of escaping predators |
J, H, M, F |
4,9,10,12,13,14 |
Foraging |
Feeding activity |
J, H, M, F |
4,9,11,14 |
Head-jerk |
Crouching display with rapid lateral head movements of territorial male in presence of a female |
M |
2,3,6,9,11 |
Jerky-crouch |
Similar to head-jerk but given by juveniles at the approach of a sibling |
J |
9,11,14 |
Loafing |
Sitting quietly in sun or shade |
J, H, M, F |
4,9,14 |
Pecking |
Agonistic interaction with another grouse |
H, M |
2,3,4,6,7,14 |
Preening |
Most often seen in molting birds |
J, H, M, F |
4 |
Roosting |
Recourse to sheltered site for the night |
J, H, M, F |
|
Sneak |
Running off in a crouched posture resembling a rodent to lead away predator |
H |
4,5 |
Stamping |
During courtship displays by territorial males |
M |
2,4,7 |
Stretching |
On resuming activity after period of rest |
J, H, M, F |
|
Tail-flick |
Culmination of rush in courtship display |
J, M |
2,3,4,6,7,8,9,11,14 |
Tail-swish |
Display involving alternate lateral spreading of the rectrices |
J, M |
2,3,4,6,7,9,11,14 |
Threat |
Agonistic interactions with grouse of same sex or another species |
H, M, F |
2,3,4, |
Upright |
Stationary displaying of territorial males |
M |
2,3,4,6,7,9,11,14 |
Walking |
Usual mode of movement over the ground |
J, H, M, F |
4,9,14 |
Wing-clap |
Culmination of the descent flutter-flight of D. c. franklinii |
M |
3,6 |
Behavior |
General context when shown |
Recorded from |
References |
aReferences include 1=Bent (1932), 2=Lumsden (1961; flutter-jump = flutter-flight, head and tail down = threat), 3=MacDonald (1968; squatting = head-jerk), 4=Harju (1969), 5=Robinson and Maxwell (1969), 6=Hjorth (1970; crouching cum head shaking = head-jerk, bowing and ground pecking = pecking, rush cum momentary tail fanning = tail-flick, display walking cum tail swaying = tail-swish), 7=Harju (1971), 8=Hjorth (1976), 9=Alway (1977), 10=Herzog and Boag (1977), 11=Alway and Boag (1979), 12=Nugent (1979), 13=Nugent and Boag (1982), and 14=Schroeder and Boag (1985).