Demography and Populations

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A single adult inspected in southeastern Peru (yuracares) was found to be infested with two types of bird lice, Myrsidea sp. (Amblycera) and Sturnidoecus sp. (lschnocera) (104 Clayton, D. H., R. D. Gregory, and R. D. Price (1992). Comparative ecology of Neotropical bird lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Journal of Animal Ecology 61(3):781–795. Close ).

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The “usual” size of nesting colonies is not entirely clear, though the fact that they tend to nest in smaller groups than other species is often stated (34 Ridgely, R. S. and P. J. Greenfield. (2001). The birds of Ecuador. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Close , 3 Hilty, S. L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ). This is perhaps a result of historical reports of smaller colonies (123 Sclater, P. L., and O. Salvin (1873). On the birds of eastern Peru with notes on the habits of the birds (by Edward Bartlett). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1873: 252–311. Close , 196 Snethlage, E. (1935). Beiträge zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie brasilienischer Vögel. Journal of Ornithology. 83(4): 532–562. Close ), but these may represent observations of only one nest cluster within a larger colony. Indeed, most reports suggest that colonies tend to encompass 10+ nests, but that the colony is often divided into several smaller clusters of nest that range from 2-6 nests each (192 Rodríguez-Ferraro, A. (2006). Notes on the behavior of the Olive Oropendola (Psarocolius yuracares) during the breeding season. Orn. Neotropical 17: 57-62. Close ). Reports of larger colonies include: 2 colonies of 30+ nests (neivae; 178 Oren, D. C., and T. A. Parker (1997). Avifauna of the Tapajós National Park and vicinity, Amazonian Brazil. In Studies in Neotropical ornithology honoring Ted Parker (J. V. Remsen, Editor). Ornithological Monographs 48. pp. 493–525. Close ), colonies of 14 and 17 nests in Venezuela (yuracares; 192 Rodríguez-Ferraro, A. (2006). Notes on the behavior of the Olive Oropendola (Psarocolius yuracares) during the breeding season. Orn. Neotropical 17: 57-62. Close ), and a tree containing over 60 nests in Bolivia (yuracares; 5 Fraga, R.M. and Kreft, S. (2007). Natural history and breeding behavior of the Olive (Psarocolius yuracares) and Yellow-billed (P. angustifrons alfredi) Oropendolas in the Chapare province, Bolivia. Orn. Neotropical 18(2): 251–261. Close ).

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