Pacific Baza Aviceda subcristata Scientific name definitions

Baza timorlaoensis A. B. Meyer, 1894, Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königl. Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Etnographischen Museums zu Dresden 4(3):5—Timorlaut [= Tanimbar].

This name is based on two syntypes (SMTD C7259 and C7260), both originally held in the Museum für Tierkunde, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, but the first-listed was destroyed during Allied bombing towards the end of World War II; the surviving example, a male, is variously reported to have been collected on 11 September 1882 or in May 1883, by Riedel (18 Eck, S., and C. Quaisser (2004). Verzeichnis der Typen der Vogelsammlung des Museums für Tierkunde in den Staatlichen Naturhistorischen Sammlungen Dresden. Zoologische Abhandlungen 54:233–316. Close ). What is certain is that Meyer (19 Meyer, A. B. (1885). Über neue und ungenügend bekannte Vögel, Nester und Eier aus dem Ostindischen Archipel im Königl. Zoologischen Museum zu Dresden. Sitzungsberichte und Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden 1884:3–64. Close : 10) already reported the existence of these specimens.

Islands in Flores Sea off southern Sulawesi, and Lesser Sundas (east to Damar, Babar, and Tanimbar Islands).

Subspecies <em>timorlaoensis</em> is small to medium-sized, with greater reversed sexual dimorphism than other members of the pale group; pale or very pale above, and variably washed rufous below (2 Ferguson-Lees, J., and D. A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ).

Baza subcristata pallida Stresemann, 1913, Novitates Zoologicae 20:306.—Tual, Kai Islands.

The holotype, an adult male collected on 10 July 1900 by Heinrich Kühn, is held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH 531635); the same collection holds the following paratypes: AMNH 531636, male, 4 March 1898, AMNH 531637, male, 15 June 1898, both collected on Tual Island; AMNH 531639, female, 14 November 1899, AMNH 531640, female, 26 February 1900, AMNH 531641, female, 27 February 1900, and AMNH 531642, sexed as a male but entered as a female by Stresemann, 27 February 1900, all collected on Goram Island (20 Greenway, J. C. (1973). Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part I: Tinamidae–Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):209–345. Close , 21 LeCroy, M. (2017). Addenda and corrigenda to type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History, Part 1 (by James C. Greenway, Jr. 1973. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):207–346). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3)(Supplement):1–218. Close ).

Seram Laut Islands, Kai Islands (southern Maluku Islands).

Subspecies pallida is also very pale (like the previous); Stresemann (22 Stresemann, E. (1913). Ornithologische Miszellen aus dem Indo-Australischen Gebiet. Teil 2. Novitates Zoologicae 20:289–324. Close ) considered it to be smaller than A. s. timorlaoensis (three males of pallida had wing 286‒295 mm, four females had wing 300‒314 mm; eight males of timorlaoensis 295‒314 mm, seven females 310‒327 mm). Eaton et al. (23 Eaton, J. A., B. van Balen, N. W. Brickle, and F. E. Rheindt (2016). Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Close ), who also remarked on the similarities between pallida and timorlaoensis, considered that the belly barring is less conspicuous in the present taxon.

Falco (Lophotes) Reinwardtii Schlegel and S. Müller, 1841, in Temminck, Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen, Zoologie, Aves, p. 37, Plate 5 (1845).—Manado, Celebes [Sulawesi]; Seram was erroneously substituted by Berlepsch (24 Berlepsch, H. von (1911). Die Vögel der Aru-Inseln mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sammlungen des Herrn Dr. H. Merton. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34:53–98. Close ), but Stresemann (22 Stresemann, E. (1913). Ornithologische Miszellen aus dem Indo-Australischen Gebiet. Teil 2. Novitates Zoologicae 20:289–324. Close ), followed by Rothschild & Hartert (25 Rothschild, W., and E. Hartert (1915). Notes on Papuan birds. Novitates Zoologicae 22:46–60. Close ), gave Ambon, and Mees (26 Mees, G. F. (1982). Bird records from the Moluccas. Zoologische Mededelingen 56(7):91–111. Close ) further clarified that the collector, Reinwardt, was present on Ambon during 27 June‒12 August 1821 (and that he never visited Sulawesi!). The lectotype and one of the paralectotypes was collected on Ambon.

In the original description, Schlegel and Müller listed five specimens: three males collected by Reinwardt in 1821 “[in the vicinity of Manado on Sulawesi]”, a female collected by Diard (1794–1863) on Borneo and another female collected by Forsten (1811‒1843) at different locality on Sulawesi, two of which were illustrated on their Plate 5; these birds are now known to be representatives of four different taxa, belonging to two different species, necessitating a lectotype designation to prevent nomenclatural confusion and to fix the identity of the present taxon (27 Quaisser, C., and R. W. R. J. Dekker (2008). Taxonomic identity and lectotype designation of Falco Reinwardtii Schlegel and Müller, 1841; Buteo capensis Temminck and Schlegel, 1844; Ptilopus humeralis iobiensis Schlegel, 1873 and Hirundo rufula Temminck, 1835. Zoologische Mededeelingen Leiden 82(38):407–416. Close ). Consequently, Quaisser and Dekker (27 Quaisser, C., and R. W. R. J. Dekker (2008). Taxonomic identity and lectotype designation of Falco Reinwardtii Schlegel and Müller, 1841; Buteo capensis Temminck and Schlegel, 1844; Ptilopus humeralis iobiensis Schlegel, 1873 and Hirundo rufula Temminck, 1835. Zoologische Mededeelingen Leiden 82(38):407–416. Close ) designated as the lectotype an adult male collected on Ambon in 1821 by Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1773–1854), held in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (RMNH.AVES.87171), whilst the following paralectotypes are held in the same museum: RMNH.AVES.88925 (an adult male, also taken in 1821 on Ambon by Reinwardt), RMNH.AVES.87168–87169 (two adult females, the first collected at Pontianak, Borneo, by Pierre-Médard Diard, and the second at Tondano, Sulawesi, by Eltio Alegondas Forsten = Aviceda jerdoni celebensis), and RMNH.AVES.87172 (an adult male collected on Ternate in 1821 by Reinwardt = Aviceda subcristata rufa) (28 van der Mije, S., P. Kamminga, and R. W. R. J. Dekker (2023). Type specimens of non-passerines in Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Animalia, Aves). ZooKeys 1155:1–311. Close ). Multiple different taxa are represented in the type series. RMNH.AVES.87168 is also the holotype of Baza borneensis Brüggemann, 1876; RMNH.AVES.87169 and 87172 are syntypes of Baza celebensis Schlegel, 1873, and Baza rufa Schlegel, 1866 respectively. Schifter et al. (29 Schifter, H., E. Bauernfeind, and T. Schifter (2007). Die Typen der Vogelsammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien. Teil I. Nonpasseres. Kataloge der wissenschaftlichen Sammlungen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 20, Aves, Heft 1. Naturhistorischen Museums Wien, Vienna, Austria. Close ) correctly noted that a specimen from Ambon held in the Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien could not possess type status as it was not collected until 1863.

Seram and its western satellites (Boana, Ambon, Haruku), in central Maluku Islands.

Subspecies reinwardtii is much darker than other Indonesian taxa, being in this respect close to northwest Australian birds (sometimes recognized separately under the name njikena) and also to subspecies obscura of Biak Island (2 Ferguson-Lees, J., and D. A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ). In slight contrast, Eaton et al. (23 Eaton, J. A., B. van Balen, N. W. Brickle, and F. E. Rheindt (2016). Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Close ) considered reinwardtii to be only slightly darker than stresemanni, but also marginally smaller than the latter.

Baza stresemanni Siebers, 1930, Treubia 7, Supplement, p. 243.—Nal Besi, Buru. (30 Siebers, H. C. (1930). Fauna Buruana. Aves. Treubia 7(Supplement 5):165–303. Close )

The holotype, an adult male collected on 17 June 1921 by Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus (1894‒1951), is held at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (RMNH.AVES.14019) (31 van den Hoek Ostende, L. W., R. W. R. J. Dekker, and G. O. Keijl (1997). Type-specimens of Birds in the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden. Part 1: Non-passerines. NNM Technical Bulletin 1. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. Close , 28 van der Mije, S., P. Kamminga, and R. W. R. J. Dekker (2023). Type specimens of non-passerines in Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Animalia, Aves). ZooKeys 1155:1–311. Close ). Siebers (30 Siebers, H. C. (1930). Fauna Buruana. Aves. Treubia 7(Supplement 5):165–303. Close ) referred to a total of 15 specimens collected by Toxopeus (11 specimens) and the local collector Denin (four specimens), and the remainder of this material can therefore be considered paratypes.

Endemic to Buru (central Maluku Islands).

Subspecies stresemanni is much like nominate subcristata, but smaller (wing 302–362 mm versus 305–349 mm) with blacker barring below, and a bright rufous ventral region (2 Ferguson-Lees, J., and D. A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ).

Baza rufa Schlegel, 1866, De vogels van Nederlandsche Indië, De Valkvogels, pp. 41, 78, Plate 27, fig. 4, Plate 28, figs. 1‒3.—“Halmahera, Morotai, Batjan, Ternate en Tidore.”

Described on the basis of 11 syntypes, all held at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, as follows: RMNH.AVES.87172 is an adult male collected on Ternate in 1821 by Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1773–1854); RMNH.AVES.87173 (an adult female collected in February 1862), RMNH.AVES.87174 (adult male, 18 September 1862), and RMNH.AVES.87175 (immature female, same date as previous) were all collected on Batjan by Heinrich Agathon Bernstein (1828–1865); RMNH.AVES.87176 is adult male taken at Galela, on Halmahera, on 14 August 1861, also by Bernstein; RMNH.AVES.87177 (adult female, 16 May 1861), RMNH.AVES.87178 (adult female, 4 August 1863), and RMNH.AVES.87179 (immature male, 7 August 1863) were all taken on Ternate by Bernstein; RMNH.AVES.87180 is an adult female collected on Tidore on 22 November 1863 by Bernstein; and RMNH.AVES.87181 (adult female, 19 September 1861) and RMNH.AVES.87182 (adult female, 29 August 1861) were both collected on Morotai, again by Bernstein (31 van den Hoek Ostende, L. W., R. W. R. J. Dekker, and G. O. Keijl (1997). Type-specimens of Birds in the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden. Part 1: Non-passerines. NNM Technical Bulletin 1. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. Close , 28 van der Mije, S., P. Kamminga, and R. W. R. J. Dekker (2023). Type specimens of non-passerines in Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Animalia, Aves). ZooKeys 1155:1–311. Close ). According to the original labels, RMNH.AVES.87173, RMNH.AVES.87174, RMNH.AVES.87179, and RMNH.AVES.87175 served as models for the various illustrations that formed part of the original description.

Halmahera and associated islands south to Bacan and Obi (northern Maluku Islands).

Subspecies rufa is a medium-sized taxon, washed rufous over the head, and has particularly bold and onto the breast, with rufous-colored underparts barring (2 Ferguson-Lees, J., and D. A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close , 23 Eaton, J. A., B. van Balen, N. W. Brickle, and F. E. Rheindt (2016). Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Close ).

Aviceda subcristata waigeuensis Mayr, 1940, American Museum Novitates 1056:8.—Waigeo. (32 Mayr, E. (1940). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. XLI. Notes on New Guinea birds. VI. American Museum Novitates 1056:1–12. Close )

The holotype, an adult female collected on on 26 December 1902 by Johannes Waterstradt (1869‒1944), is held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH 531672) (20 Greenway, J. C. (1973). Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part I: Tinamidae–Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):209–345. Close , 21 LeCroy, M. (2017). Addenda and corrigenda to type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History, Part 1 (by James C. Greenway, Jr. 1973. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):207–346). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3)(Supplement):1–218. Close ).

Endemic to Waigeo (West Papuan Islands).

Male has blackish ventral barring; female brownish barring (17 Beehler, B. M., and T. K. Pratt (2016). Birds of New Guinea: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ). Considered similar to nominate subcristata but smaller on average (when comparing same sex) and varies in brown coloration above, and in strength of barring and rufous coloration on the underparts (2 Ferguson-Lees, J., and D. A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ). Also similar to stenozona but larger (wing of female 314‒319 mm) (33 Rand, A. L., and E. T. Gilliard (1967). Handbook of New Guinea Birds. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, UK. Close , 17 Beehler, B. M., and T. K. Pratt (2016). Birds of New Guinea: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ).

Aviceda subcristata obscura Junge, 1956, Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 34:231.—Biak. (34 Junge, C. G. A. (1956). New bird records from Biak Island. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 34(16):231–237. Close )

The holotype, an adult male collected on 22 August 1953 by C. Hoogerheide, is held at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (RMNH.AVES.20985); five paratypes (two males, two females, and an immature) are also held at the same institution, of which four were also taken by Hoogerheide between September 1953 and March 1954, and the fifth was collected by Carl Benjamin Hermann Baron von Rosenberg (1817‒1888) on 25 March 1869 (RMNH.AVES.20986, RMNH.AVES.21433 and RMNH.AVES.21434, RMNH.AVES.22118, and RMNH.AVES.87170 (34 Junge, C. G. A. (1956). New bird records from Biak Island. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 34(16):231–237. Close , 31 van den Hoek Ostende, L. W., R. W. R. J. Dekker, and G. O. Keijl (1997). Type-specimens of Birds in the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden. Part 1: Non-passerines. NNM Technical Bulletin 1. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. Close , 28 van der Mije, S., P. Kamminga, and R. W. R. J. Dekker (2023). Type specimens of non-passerines in Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Animalia, Aves). ZooKeys 1155:1–311. Close ).

Biak and Supiori islands (in Cenderawasih Bay) (35 Bishop, K. D., and S. (B.) van Balen (2023). The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 143(1):3–62. Close ).

Considered to be very close in appearance to subspecies reinwardtii of the southern Moluccas (2 Ferguson-Lees, J., and D. A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ). Junge (34 Junge, C. G. A. (1956). New bird records from Biak Island. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 34(16):231–237. Close ), however, distinguished it as follows: “These birds are near, but not identical with stenozona from West New Guinea. They are averaging smaller than both stenozona and reinwardtii (from Ceram, Ambon, and Haruku) ... In coloration the Biak specimens are nearest to stenozona, but they are darker on the crown, hind neck, upper back and upper tail coverts. Bars on the under side of the primaries generally darker, more blackish and more pronounced than in stenozona and reinwardtii. In the latter forms these bars are mostly more reduced, not extending over the whole breadth of the inner webs of the primaries. Colour of the under tail coverts as in stenozona.” Size (measurements from 34 Junge, C. G. A. (1956). New bird records from Biak Island. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 34(16):231–237. Close ): wing length of males 278‒294 mm; wing length of females 287‒300 mm.

Baza stenozona G. R. Gray, 1858, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1858:169.—Aru Islands.

The holotype, a juvenile female collected by Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) on an unknown date, is held at the Natural History Museum, Tring (NHMUK 1873.5.12.1693) (36 Warren, R. L. M. (1966). Type-specimens of Birds in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 1: Non-Passerines. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK. Close ).

Western and southern New Guinea lowlands; the Aru Islands; and West Papuan Islands (Misool).

Subspecies stenozona is marginally smaller than waiguensis, with blackish-brown barring below (33 Rand, A. L., and E. T. Gilliard (1967). Handbook of New Guinea Birds. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, UK. Close , 37 Thiollay, J. M. (1994). Family Accipitridae (hawks and eagles). In Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. pp. 52‒105. Close , 17 Beehler, B. M., and T. K. Pratt (2016). Birds of New Guinea: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ). Size: wing length of male 290‒303 mm, wing length of female 296‒314 mm (17 Beehler, B. M., and T. K. Pratt (2016). Birds of New Guinea: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ).

Baza subcristata megala Stresemann, 1913, Novitates Zoologicae 20:305 (in key), 307.—Fergusson Island (D’Entrecasteaux Islands).

The holotype, an adult female collected on 16 June 1897 by Albert Stewart Meek (1871–1943), is held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH 531689) (20 Greenway, J. C. (1973). Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part I: Tinamidae–Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):209–345. Close , 21 LeCroy, M. (2017). Addenda and corrigenda to type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History, Part 1 (by James C. Greenway, Jr. 1973. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):207–346). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3)(Supplement):1–218. Close ).

Lowlands of northern and eastern New Guinea, including Yapen Island (Cenderawasih Bay) and the D’Entrecasteaux Archipelago.

Ventral barring is dark, broad, and complete (17 Beehler, B. M., and T. K. Pratt (2016). Birds of New Guinea: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close ). Subspecies megala is much like stenozona in coloration, albeit perhaps with a brighter rufous ventral region, but is rather larger (wing 310–348 mm) (37 Thiollay, J. M. (1994). Family Accipitridae (hawks and eagles). In Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. pp. 52‒105. Close ). Other size data, however, are slightly less impressive: wing length of male 298‒316 mm, wing length of female 314‒334 mm (33 Rand, A. L., and E. T. Gilliard (1967). Handbook of New Guinea Birds. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, UK. Close ).

Aviceda subcristata coultasi Mayr, 1945, American Museum Novitates 1294:11.—Manus Island. (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close )

The holotype, an adult male, collected at Lombrum on Manus Island, on 25 July 1934 by William F. Coultas (1900‒1987) during the Whitney South Sea Expedition, is held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH 335323); two paratypes—AMNH 334655, male, Petaiya, Manus, 29 January 1934; and AMNH 334656, female, Drabui, Manus, 13 January 1934—are held in the same institution (20 Greenway, J. C. (1973). Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part I: Tinamidae–Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):209–345. Close , 21 LeCroy, M. (2017). Addenda and corrigenda to type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History, Part 1 (by James C. Greenway, Jr. 1973. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):207–346). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3)(Supplement):1–218. Close )

Endemic to Manus (Drabui, Lombrum, and Petaiya) and San Miguel (Admiralty Islands, in the northwest Bismarck Archipelago) (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close , 39 Dutson, G. (2011). Birds of Melanesia: The Bismarcks, Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ).

Subspecies bismarckii and coultasi are similar, being medium-sized and much darker than other Papuan/Solomons taxa, with slate-colored upperparts, and more or less heavily blackish-barred underparts (37 Thiollay, J. M. (1994). Family Accipitridae (hawks and eagles). In Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. pp. 52‒105. Close , 2 Ferguson-Lees, J., and D. A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ). Mayr (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close ), however, compared coultasi principally to megala, saying that it differed in the adult male through being “paler gray on the throat and upper back; bars of breast and abdomen broader, deep brownish black, greater under wing-coverts with faint gray bars; black tail tip longer and tail relatively much shorter. Females also paler gray on throat and upper back, bars on under parts coarser and more blackish.”

Baza bismarckii Sharpe, 1888, in Gould, The Birds of New Guinea, part 25, text to Plate 4 labeled Baza gurneyi.—New Britain and New Ireland.

What has been reported to be the holotype, an adult male collected on “23 November 1881” by Theodor Kleinschmidt (1834‒1881), is held at the Natural History Museum, Tring (NHMUK 1886.12.20.51) (36 Warren, R. L. M. (1966). Type-specimens of Birds in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 1: Non-Passerines. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK. Close ). Sharpe clearly indicated that he was describing and had had illustrated a male collected on New Britain by “the late Dr. Kleinschmidt”, but he also mentioned that he had access to two specimens collected by the Revd. George Brown (1835–1917), one on New Ireland and the other at an unknown locality, both of which he considered to be the same taxon as the New Britain bird. In these circumstances, and without the benefit of a type designation in a contemporaneous volume of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum (the relevant volume having been published prior to Sharpe’s description), it seems somewhat debatable whether Brown’s specimens should be regarded as paratypes or if all three skins (including that collected by Kleinschmidt) should be considered syntypes. Warren (36 Warren, R. L. M. (1966). Type-specimens of Birds in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 1: Non-Passerines. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK. Close ) stated that what she treated as the holotype of bismarckii was collected in late November 1881, but this seems doubtful given that the date of Kleinschmidt’s death is generally given as 10 April of that year.

Endemic to New Ireland and New Britain, including Lavongai, Djaul, Lolobau, and Tabar (eastern Bismarck Archipelago) (39 Dutson, G. (2011). Birds of Melanesia: The Bismarcks, Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ).

Barring on underparts broad, dark gray in males and brown-black in females (39 Dutson, G. (2011). Birds of Melanesia: The Bismarcks, Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ). Now generally considered to be very similar to subspecies coultasi (e.g., 37 Thiollay, J. M. (1994). Family Accipitridae (hawks and eagles). In Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. pp. 52‒105. Close , 2 Ferguson-Lees, J., and D. A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ). Mayr (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close ), however, characterized the male as “Strikingly different from gurneyi-proxima. Bars of under parts pigeon gray, hardly darker than throat; white bars much narrower than gray bars, nape and upper back very pale gray; under tail-coverts deep ochraceous.” Females, on the other hand, he described as having “Breast and abdomen very heavily and coarsely barred with brownish black; under tail-coverts rufous ochre; throat dark gray; upper tail-coverts and tail-bars rather blackish gray; black tail tip very long; greater under wing-coverts barred with gray, lesser under wing-coverts ochraceous.” He went to remark that “The characteristics of this striking race, particularly the strong sexual dimorphism of coloration and the grayness of the bars in the male, are already indicated in the races of the Solomon Islands. On the other hand, bismarckii seems to have nothing to do with megala...”; the latter, in contrast, Mayr thought to be most closely related to coultasi (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close ).

Baza Gurneyi E. P. Ramsay, 1882, Journal of the Linnean Society of London 16:130.—Ugi. (40 Ramsay, E. P. (1882). Descriptions of some new birds from the Solomon Islands and New Britain. Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 16:128–131. Close )

The type material of gurneyi, its provenance, and collectors have been subject to a fair degree of discussion in the literature. This taxon was described by Ramsay (40 Ramsay, E. P. (1882). Descriptions of some new birds from the Solomon Islands and New Britain. Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 16:128–131. Close ) from specimens collected on Ugi by the Reverend George Brown, and (one) from Cape Pitt by James F. Cockerell, but the latter is in the New Georgia group, which Ramsay (41 Ramsay, E. P. (1879). Notes on the zoology of the Solomon Islands, Part I. Aves. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 4:65-84 Close ) had earlier thought should be considered synonymous with New Guinea birds from around Port Moresby. According to Longmore (42 Longmore, N. W. (1991). Type specimens of birds in the Australian Museum. Technical Reports of the Australian Museum 4:1–42. Close ), Ramsay (43 Ramsay, E. P. (1882). Notes on the zoology of the Solomon Islands, with descriptions of some new birds.—Part IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 7:16–43. Close ) later corrected the provenance of his “Cape Pitt” specimen to “New Guinea”. Subsequently, Mayr (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close ) claimed that birds from New Georgia are similar to an undescribed taxon from the Bougainville and Shortland groups, which he named proxima (see below), and he thus restricted the type locality of gurneyi to Ugi, off Guadalcanal. Later still, however, Schodde (44 Schodde, R. (1977). Contributions to Papuasian ornithology. VI. Survey of the birds of southern Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper 34:1–103. Close ) argued, evidently persuasively (given that few authorities since have maintained more than one taxon in the Solomons), that just one taxon, gurneyi, should be applied for birds in this region.

As related in most detail by McAllan (45 McAllan, I. A. W. (2016). On some types of birds (Aves) from the Solomon Islands named by Edward Pierson Ramsay. Records of the Australian Museum 68(1):31–43. Close ), it is clear that Ramsay’s attribution of the Ugi specimens to Brown must have been a lapsus on his part, because his diary records a small collection received from Brown in mid-1881, which includes specimens from Ugi, but containing no birds of prey. As a result, to fix the type locality as Ugi, Longmore (42 Longmore, N. W. (1991). Type specimens of birds in the Australian Museum. Technical Reports of the Australian Museum 4:1–42. Close ) proposed to treat a specimen now in the Australian Museum, Sydney, as the lectotype of gurneyi—an adult collected by “J. Stephens” in 1881 (AM A.10962). In addition, Longmore (42 Longmore, N. W. (1991). Type specimens of birds in the Australian Museum. Technical Reports of the Australian Museum 4:1–42. Close ) also listed six paralectotypes in Sydney: AM A.11486, AM A.11487, A.11489, A.11490, and AM A.11491, all of them unsexed adults collected on Ugi, by Alexander Morton (1854‒1907) in 1881, as well as AM O.22343, an adult male, collected on an unknown date on New Britain by J. Cockerell. Furthermore, he referred to a seventh paralectotype as being held in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane (QM O.17872, per 45 McAllan, I. A. W. (2016). On some types of birds (Aves) from the Solomon Islands named by Edward Pierson Ramsay. Records of the Australian Museum 68(1):31–43. Close ). However, while McAllan (45 McAllan, I. A. W. (2016). On some types of birds (Aves) from the Solomon Islands named by Edward Pierson Ramsay. Records of the Australian Museum 68(1):31–43. Close ) accepted Longmore’s lectotype designation, he disputed the hypothesis that the Morton specimens could have been seen by Ramsay prior to his finalizing his description of gurneyi, because the former was still collecting on Ugi at the time, which would also invalidate the QM specimen. McAllan (45 McAllan, I. A. W. (2016). On some types of birds (Aves) from the Solomon Islands named by Edward Pierson Ramsay. Records of the Australian Museum 68(1):31–43. Close ) argued also for exclusion of the Cockerell specimen because it is from New Britain, but suggested that a specimen in the Macleay Museum, Sydney (MM B.2937) should be considered a paralectotype, being “of a typical Cockerell make” and is labeled as being from the Solomons; given that Ramsay claimed that Cockerell had just one specimen from this region, it has clear claims to be considered it.

Synonyms:
Aviceda subcristata robusta Mayr, 1945, American Museum Novitates 1294:9.—Choiseul (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close ). The holotype, an adult male collected on Mount Maitombi, Choiseul Island, on 26 October 1929 by Ernst Mayr (1904‒2005) and Hannibal Hamlin (1904‒1982) during the Whitney South Sea Expedition, is held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH 228276) (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close , 20 Greenway, J. C. (1973). Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part I: Tinamidae–Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):209–345. Close , 21 LeCroy, M. (2017). Addenda and corrigenda to type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History, Part 1 (by James C. Greenway, Jr. 1973. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):207–346). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3)(Supplement):1–218. Close ). In the original description, Mayr (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close ) characterized this taxon as being “Similar to gurneyi, but larger; under parts, particularly of females, more heavily barred; axillaries of males always barred; under tail-coverts averaging deeper-ochraceous.” Schodde (44 Schodde, R. (1977). Contributions to Papuasian ornithology. VI. Survey of the birds of southern Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper 34:1–103. Close ) synonymized robusta with gurneyi (see also ).
Aviceda subcristata proxima Mayr, 1945, American Museum Novitates 1294:10.—Bougainville (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close ). The holotype, an adult male collected near Kieta, on Bougainville, on 11 January 1928 by Hannibal Hamlin (1904‒1982) during the Whitney South Sea Expedition, is held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH 220633) (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close , 20 Greenway, J. C. (1973). Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part I: Tinamidae–Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):209–345. Close , 21 LeCroy, M. (2017). Addenda and corrigenda to type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History, Part 1 (by James C. Greenway, Jr. 1973. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):207–346). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3)(Supplement):1–218. Close ). Mayr (38 Mayr, E. (1945). Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea expedition. 55. Notes on the birds of northern Melanesia. American Museum Novitates 1294:1–12. Close ) considered this subspecies to be “Very similar to robusta, but smaller and less heavily barred underneath, tail slightly longer.” For synonymization, see Thiollay (37 Thiollay, J. M. (1994). Family Accipitridae (hawks and eagles). In Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. pp. 52‒105. Close ).

Endemic to the Solomon Islands, where absent only from smaller islands and Rennell (39 Dutson, G. (2011). Birds of Melanesia: The Bismarcks, Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ).

Male has fairly narrow blackish bars below; barring even narrower in female, which also has browner upperparts (39 Dutson, G. (2011). Birds of Melanesia: The Bismarcks, Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ). Subspecies gurneyi is small to medium-sized, with very little sexual dimorphism (except in tail length) and is much paler than the geographically adjacent subspecies bismarckii and coultasi, including the brown upperparts and reduced barring below (sometimes even absent) (37 Thiollay, J. M. (1994). Family Accipitridae (hawks and eagles). In Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. pp. 52‒105. Close , 2 Ferguson-Lees, J., and D. A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ).

Lepidogenys subcristatus Gould, 1838, A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, pt. 3, Plate 46 and text.—New South Wales, Australia.

Gould described and figured a female head in the description, and a similar-looking bird in the Birds of Australia account (Volume 1, Plate 25), where he noted, “All the specimens I have seen were collected either at Moreton Bay or on the banks of the Clarence." Of two Gould specimens of this species in what is now the Academy of Natural Sciences at Drexel University, Philadelphia, Stone (46 Stone, W. (1899). A study of the type specimens of birds in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with a brief history of the collection. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 51:5–62. Close ) selected an adult female labeled as being from New South Wales (ANSP 2012) as the “type” [= lectotype], with ANSP 2011, also from New South Wales, thus a paralectotype. Two additional Gould specimens might also merit such a status, one in the World Museum, Liverpool (WML-VZ D332e) and the other in the Natural History Museum, Tring (NHMUK 1955.6N.20.1141; this collected by F. Strange).

Synonyms:
Baza subcristata queenslandica Mathews, 1912, Novitates Zoologicae 18:251.—Mackay, Queensland. The holotype, a female collected on an unknown date by an unknown collector (purchased by Gregory Mathews from the dealer Gerrard), is held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH 531727) (20 Greenway, J. C. (1973). Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part I: Tinamidae–Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):209–345. Close , 21 LeCroy, M. (2017). Addenda and corrigenda to type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History, Part 1 (by James C. Greenway, Jr. 1973. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):207–346). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3)(Supplement):1–218. Close ). This subspecies was admitted by Peters (47 Peters, J. L. (1931). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. Close ), but synonymized by Hartert (48 Hartert, E. (1931). Types of birds in the Tring Museum. D. Gregory M. Mathews’ types of Australian birds. III. Novitates Zoologicae 37:35–52. Close ).
Lophastur subcristatus kempi Mathews, 1916, The Birds of Australia, Volume 5, p. 220.—Skull Creek, Cape York. The holotype, a female, collected on 22 December 1912 by Robin Kemp (1871‒1949), is held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH 531725) (20 Greenway, J. C. (1973). Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part I: Tinamidae–Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):209–345. Close , 21 LeCroy, M. (2017). Addenda and corrigenda to type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History, Part 1 (by James C. Greenway, Jr. 1973. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3):207–346). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3)(Supplement):1–218. Close ). Synonymized by Hartert (49 Hartert, E. (1927). Types of birds in the Tring Museum. Novitates Zoologicae 34(1):1–38. Close ) and then Peters (47 Peters, J. L. (1931). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. Close ).
Aviceda subcristata njikena Condon and Amadon, 1954, Records of the South Australian Museum 11:198.—Fitzroy River, Western Australia (50 Amadon, D., and H. T. Condon (1954). Taxonomic notes on Australian hawks. Records of the South Australian Museum 11:189–246. Close ). The holotype is an adult male collected by Frederick Bulstrode Lawson Whitlock (1860‒1953) on 8 August 1924 and held at Museums Victoria, Melbourne (MV HLW 8329) (50 Amadon, D., and H. T. Condon (1954). Taxonomic notes on Australian hawks. Records of the South Australian Museum 11:189–246. Close ). For synonymization, see Marchant and Higgins (51 Marchant, S., and P. J. Higgins, Editors (1993). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 2. Raptors to Lapwings. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia. Close ).

Northern and eastern Australia.

Nominate subcristata is largest subspecies of all; it has brown to red-brown barring below and brownish upperparts (2 Ferguson-Lees, J., and D. A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ). Size: wing length of male 305‒349 mm, wing length of female 320‒362 mm; tail length (sexes combined) 180‒230 mm (2 Ferguson-Lees, J., and D. A. Christie (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ).